Сільське населення та «трудові громади» Півдня України в губернаторстві «Трансністрія» 1941–1944 рр. : соціально-історичний аспект

Abstract

У дисертації автор, спираючись на концептуальні здобутки вітчизняних і зарубіжних істориків та вперше залучивши до наукового обігу раніше неопубліковані джерела окупаційного походження, об’єктивно аналізує соціально-економічну, релігійну та освітню політику румунської окупаційної адміністраціїщодо сільського населення Півдня України в губернаторстві «Трансністрія» в 1941–1944 рр. Проаналізовано нормативно-правові засади діяльності румунських органів окупаційної влади та функціонування сільського господарства на теренах межиріччяДністра та Південного Бугу. Комплексно досліджено соціальну складову підокупаційного населення – оподаткування, визиск, пограбування, залякування. Висвітлено заходи румун у релігійній сфері та освітні процеси в сільськіймісцевості. Доведено здійснення румунською адміністрацією регламентації повсякденного життя сільського населення. З’ясовано проблеми та труднощі, які супроводжували повсякденне життя селян в умовах окупації. In thesis research the author relies on conceptual achievements of domestic and foreign historians and including in the fi rst time scientifi c circulation previously unpublished sources of occupational origin, the author objectively analyzes the socio-economic, religious and educational policies of the Romanian occupation administration on the rural population of the South of Ukraine in the Transnistria governorate in 1941–1944. By fulfi lling allied commitments to Germany, Romania received only the German mandate for the temporary “administration and economic exploitation” of the territory between the Dniester and the Bug, that is, “Transnistria”. The Romanians paid considerable attention to the administrative structure of agricultural sector of production. For rural population has been developing and introducing a number of natural taxes. For the needs of the invaders, villagers handed over sheepskin coats, socks, mittens, and felt boots. According to Order No. 66, the peasants were obliged in the form of taxes to surrender: milk, eggs, poultry, meat (pork, beef and lamb). In the absence of chickens in farms, the peasants were obliged to buy them. That is, obligatory gross tax was imposed on all the main types of agricultural products produced in the farms. The Romanian leadership in the occupied lands of southwestern Ukraine, tried to preserve not only the kolkhozes, but also the Stalinist leadership created a pre-war system of remuneration “workdays”, which, in conditions of military confrontation, became the most effective form of settlement for peasant labor. Wages of rural laborers were of a natural nature. The peasants were counting on those types of agricultural products that were grown by “labor communities”. Different categories of rural workers have created separate rates for the reckoning of workdays. For peasants, whose work was related exclusively to fi eldwork and garden work, the calculation of working hours was based on certain criteria, for those who provided care for animals - there were other norms. On the occupied lands, the rivers of the Dniester and Southern Bug, the Romanian leadership paid attention to the restoration of Christian traditions in the Romanian model. A specially created Romanian Orthodox mission, the Romanian Patriarchate in the governorate of Transnistria, conducted a church-religious policy in the administrated lands. One of the components of the occupational policy of the transnistrian leadership was the establishment of the educational process on the lands entrusted to them. In a short time, the leadership of the governorship succeeded to establish an effective education system based on the synthesis of reformatted Soviet syllabuses and programs that offi cially studied in the Romanian kingdom. In schools where Ukrainians prevailed, the occupants also preserved the study of the national language and literature. It should be noted that, despite some mitigation, educational policy was aimed at the Romanization and education of a young generation politically loyal to the Romanian government. The Romanian occupiers also controlled the rates of consumption of bread and cereals by one person. One of the most widespread phenomena of life in occupation was the lack of essential goods (soap, tobacco, matches, salt, kerosene, medicine). Signifi cant infl uence on the life of the occupying population was due to various infectious diseases: cholera, plague, typhus and pediculosis the uncontrolled course of which led to the death of a large part of the population. Quite diffi cult for peasants of rural labourers was the decision of the issue of organizing personal rest. All their free time peasants used to search for food and occasionally could afford to visit friends and relatives.