Забезпечення права потерпілої особи від насильства в контексті Директиви Європейського Союзу про права потерпілих

Abstract

З початку масштабної агресії проти України значно збільшився перелік та обсяг порушень прав людини, з якими стикаються українські громадяни. практиці. Серед усіх злочинів найбільш руйнівні наслідки мають злочини, вчинені з насильством. Більшість прав потерпілого, наданих чинним законодавством для ефективного розслідування та участі в судовому процесі, на практиці залишаються декларативними. Сучасні стандарти прав потерпілих потребують імплементації в нашій державі, зокрема в рамках активізації процесів євроінтеграції. Особливої уваги потребує Директива Європейського Союзу, що встановлює мінімальні стандарти щодо прав, підтримки та захисту жертв злочинів. Стандарти захисту жертв є комплексними, оскільки вони стосуються не лише процесуальних аспектів розслідування та судового розгляду, а й надання підтримки жертвам. Тому йдеться не лише про правові аспекти захисту потерпілих, а й механізми підтримки та захисту потерпілих з боку держави. With new threats and challenges, the already extremely high number of victims of crime is expected to increase. Moreover, the nature of crime changes and becomes more and more globalised. Of all the offences, violent crimes have the most devastating consequences. The right to life and physical integrity is fundamental, and its violation has particularly serious consequences for victims, their relatives and society as a whole. Progressive criminal justice systems are increasingly paying attention to the need to protect victims psychologically, physically, financially and legally. The so-called "victim-oriented approach" is becoming a popular tendency. This approach assumes that the victim, his/her protection and interests should be more prioritized in the criminal process. Such an approach requires balancing of this process taking into account victims' interests, especially where the focus has been on the offender. People who have been victims of crime have limited influence on the course of investigation, prosecution and sentencing of crimes committed against them. They do not usually have lawyers to protect their interests and guide the prosecution process — their primary role in the criminal justice system is as witnesses. There is now recognition that vulnerable victims can be re-victimised through the trial and court processes. In particular, the vulnerability of victims of sexual assault and child victims has led to law reform in this area. In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition that multidisciplinary and interagency collaboration is crucial to fulfilling the victims rights and witnesses of violence to protection, participation, support and assistance. Multidisciplinary and interagency collaboration can bring important benefits to both victims and professionals, but it is not always without challenges. It demands commitment and investment from all agencies involved. The key purpose is to provide a common operational and organizational framework that promotes practice which prevents retraumatisation of victims. All public authorities have an obligation to treat all people who are the victim of a crime with respect and dignity. Ukrainian law contains a wide range of victims' rights allowing them to actively participate in the investigation of crime and subsequent trial. However, in practice many of them remain a declaration. Moreover, the national criminal justice system sometimes not only does not restore violated rights, but also causes to victims repeated psychological trauma — secondary victimization. The very concept of protecting the victim from secondary victimization is unknown to the Ukrainian law and practice.