Проблематика мартиніканської та антильської самобутності у творчості Едуара Ґліссана

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена дослідженню проблеми мартиніканської і антильської самобутності у творчості Едуара Ґліссана. Для аналізу залучені матеріали романів «Ріка Лезарда», «Четверте століття», «Дім командора», «Махагоні», поетичних збірок «Індії», «Чорна сіль», філософських есе «Поетичний намір», «Антильський дискурс», «Поетика єднання», «Філософія єднання». У дисертації уперше в українському літературознавстві введено творчість видатної постаті франкомовної антильської літератури – Едуара Ґліссана. Дослідження є першою у вітчизняному літературознавстві системною працею, присвяченою творам представників франкомовної літератури Латинської Америки. У дослідженні окреслено історико-культурні особливості розвитку франкомовної літератури Карибського басейну, визначено роль і місце творчості Едуара Ґліссана в контексті вивчення франкомовної антильської літератури, виявлено філософські ідеї автора на рівні проблематики творів. Схарактеризовано своєрідність пейзажних образів як художніх констант творчості письменника, простежено художньо-стильові особливості, розкрито ідейно-художню концепцію і сюжетно-композиційну специфіку творів Е. Ґліссана. Проаналізовано осмислення Е. Ґліссаном проблеми антильської ідентичності, що втілюється особливими творчими прийомами письменника. The thesis is dedicated to the research of the problem of Martinican and Antillean identity in the works by Édouard Glissant (novels “La Lézarde”, “Le Quatrième siècle”, “La Case du commandeur”, “Mahagony”; poetry collections “Les Indes”, “Le Sel noir”; philosophical essays “L’Intention poétique”, “Le Discours antillais”, “Poétique de la relation”, “Philosophie de la relation”). The eminent Martinican writer Édouard Glissant (1928-2011), one of the most important representatives of the French Carribean, made a remarkable contribution to the interpretation of the Antillean islands’ identity and history. The writer is sure that for forming the real collective memory of the Caribbean people it is necessary to realize and admit the painful past marked first of all by human trafficking and slavery that Glissant names “traumatic shock”. A thorough examination of a large number of historical, literary and critical works dedicated to the personality and creativity of the researched writer ultimately led to determining the main stages of development of Glissant’s studies and to defining that human trafficking and slavery are the key problems of his works. The violent export of Africans to the New World which was conducted systematically by shipowners from European countries is the central event of Glissant’s works and human trafficking is the main plot. It symbolizes the collapse of any genealogy, it breaks the line of continuity of generations. The writer thinks that trafficking prevented the formation of Antillean identity, because traditionally the identity of any community is based on the line of continuity of generations linking the ancestor with his descendants. But a slave taken from the African land and thrown on a Caribbean island became a “naked migrant”. The research work focuses on the author’s revealing of the evolution of the relations between the Martinican people and the island landscape. The Antillean landscape was a point of the spiritual support for É. Glissant and the images of nature are the artistic constants in his oeuvre. The writer is sure that the Antillean people should work on their collective consciousness, re-appropriate the space conquered by the colonizers and revive the history concealed during the period of slavery. The author emphasizes the impossibility of return to Africa and underlines that it’s necessary to recreate the history through rooting into the landscape. The research pays special attention to the philosophical concepts introduced by É. Glissant, such as antillanité, créolisation, culture composite / culture atavique, pensée archipélique / pensée continentale. One of the focuses is on the concept of “identityrhizome” or “identity-relation” developed by Glissant under the influence of the works by the French philosophers G. Deleuze and P.F. Guattari. The writer considers identityrhizome as an important element of the search for identity of the Antillean people because taking into account historical peculiarities and multiple cultures and peoples living in the Caribbean region, it transmits, in a substantive way, the complexity of Antillean being. Tracing the peculiarity of plots and composition of the novels by Glissant, we come to the conclusion that the author renounces chronologic exposition of events and naturalistic aesthetics, giving advantage to the powerful poetics. His novels have numerous authorial retreats, comments, narrative ellipsis, mise en abyme etc. The analysis of mythological and poetic originality of the works by E. Glissant showed that the author combined the elements of myths of the African people with rethinking of biblical text. Glissant is sure that legends and stories of African ancestors saved in memory of the Antillean people present the frame of reference to the man and the world, and their research allows to understand better the mental features of his people. On the other hand, his works are pierced by Christian perception of the world and by numerous interpretations of biblical plots and characters. It is shown in the research that Glissant established the link between the identity crisis in Martinique and the manifestation of the mental illness of some members of the Martinican society. The author connects the problem of madness with the gaps of collective memory and the absence of national consciousness of the Martinicans, caused by the colonialism. In his novels and philosophical essays, Glissant considers the phenomenon of madness as an individual model of human behavior and also within the framework of reflection on historical and social problems of the Antillean islands. The conclusions of the dissertation summarise the insights into the artistic and philosophic thinking by the author of Antillean history and the problem of identity which allows to fully disclose the significance of this writer’s oeuvre for Francophone postcolonial literature.