Німецько-японські відносини напередодні Другої світової війни (1933-1939 рр.)

Abstract

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.02 – всесвітня історія. – Чорноморський національний університет імені Петра Могили, Миколаїв, 2019. 18 Дисертаційну роботу присвячено комплексному дослідженню німецькояпонських дипломатичних, політичних і військових взаємини в контексті міжнародних відносин 1930-х рр. Проаналізовано становлення дипломатичних відносин між Німеччиною та Японією напередодні Другої світової війни, досліджено зовнішньополітичний курс нацистської Німеччини в АТР, висвітлено європейський вектор зовнішньої політики Японії. Визначено позицію СРСР щодо німецько-японського зближення другої половини 30-х рр. ХХ ст. Прослідковано особливості формування Антикомінтернівського пакту в контексті досліджуваної теми. Виокремлено позицію Японії щодо німецько-австрійського питання й аншлюсу Австрії 1938 р. Розглянуто взаємовідносини Японії, Китаю та Німеччини на Далекому Сході. Значна увага приділяється історії розвитку дипломатичного співробітництва між державами, аналізу дипломатичного листування, виступів німецьких та японських високопосадовців, функціонуванню посольств і консульств. Визначено, що ключовим документом у розвитку відносин був Антикомінтернівський договір. Thesis for obtaining a scientific degree PhD in History on specialty 07.00.02. – World History. – Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to the comprehensive study of German-Japanese diplomatic, political and military relations in international relations throughout the period of 1933–1939. The development of diplomatic relations between Germany and Japan on the eve of the Second World War is analyzed, the foreign policy of Nazi Germany in the Asia-Pacific region is investigated, and the European vector of Japan’s foreign policy is highlighted. The position of the USSR regarding the German-Japanese rapprochement of the second half of 30s years of the twentieth century was determined. The features of the formation of the Anti-Comintern Pact in the context of the research topic are traced. The position of Japan on the German-Austrian question and the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 is highlighted. Relations between Japan, China and Germany in the Far East are considered. Much attention is paid to the history of the development of diplomatic cooperation between states, the analysis of diplomatic correspondence, speeches by German and Japanese diplomats and governmental representatives, the functioning of embassies and consulates. It was determined that the Anti-Comintern Treaty was the key document in the development of relations. It is stated that the work on signing the Treaty lasted a considerable period and was carefully planned, as evidenced by a number of archival materials and periodicals at that time. Moreover, the process of preparation, signing and the consequences of signing got extensive media coverage both in foreign and in the Soviet press. It is grounded on the analysis of the personal diaries of Reichs Minister Joseph Goebbels for 1936. The most meaningful source of research into Japan's response to the treaty is the reports by the Consulate General of Germany in Osaka, which detail the ceremonies to mark the treaty and the reaction of the Japanese press. The theses substantiate the conclusion that the diplomatic delegations of the Japanese government representatives to Germany, as well as representatives of the army and navy were regular. However joint military training was held on a regular basis. In addition, cultural diplomacy was of a great importance. For example, the Japanese government handed over Japanese cherry trees to Germany, which were planted in many German cities. It is stated 1933 marks the establishment of the diplomatic relations between these countries. However, this did not happen by chance, because in 1933 Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and power was seized by the military in Japan. The three-year political and economic cooperation between these two countries developed into the Anti-Comintern Pact, which was signed on November 26, 1936. From this moment the joint preparation of Germany and Japan for the war began. Entering the war, each of these countries had their own goals: Germany had great ambitions in the European continent and Japan sought hegemony in Asia. The foreign policy course of Nazi Germany and main activities at the German Embassy in Japan were analyzed. The undisputed historical significance in the development of relations and the formation of Far Eastern politics is the figure of a German diplomat, German Ambassador to Japan Herbert von Dirksen, who was the head of the Embassy in Tokyo from 1933 to 1938. It should be noted that the diplomatic mission in Tokyo was one of the smallest among German embassies at the time, but von Dirksen initially established fruitful cooperation with the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and maintained friendly relations with Koki Hirota, who served as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan. A study of the European vector of the foreign policy of Japan showed that on the eve of the Second World War, the military and naval command of Japan not only played a decisive influence on the foreign policy of the government, but there were also cases of open intervention in the sphere of competence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On September 14, 1933 Koki Hirota became the new Foreign Minister of Japan and highlighted cooperation with Germany as a strategic direction. In order to objectively analyze the European and German direction of the foreign policy of Japan, the materials of the Embassy of Japan in Berlin and the Consulate General in Hamburg, regularly sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, were analyzed. The diplomatic missions fulfilled their direct representative functions and regularly informed the Japanese government about the internal political situation both in Germany and in Europe.