Повсякденне життя шляхти Київської губернії (кін. ХVІІІ – 60-ті рр. ХІХ ст.)

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню повсякденного життя шляхти Київської губернії в кін. XVІІІ – 60-х рр. ХІХ ст. У роботі з’ясовано, що після інкорпорації Правобережної України до складу Російської імперії, шляхта як соціальний стан зазнала суттєвого поглиблення соціальної неоднорідності внаслідок репресивної політики російського уряду, а уніфікація до загальнодержавних стандартів торкнулась усіх сфер життя шляхти Київської губернії. З’ясовано, що ХІХ ст. змінило характер громадськополітичної активності правобережної шляхти. Можливості громадськополітичного життя були обмежені імперською політикою. Натомість підготовка та розгортання Листопадового та Січневого повстань відкрили широкі можливості для підпільної суспільної діяльності, до якої долучились не тільки чоловіки, а й жінки, молодь та духовенство. Встановлено, що суспільнополітичні зміни та культурні процеси означеного періоду спричинили до трансформації традиційних основ інституту шляхетської сім'ї, моди та дозвілля. Визначено місце здоров’я, гігієни, хвороб та їх лікування в житті шляхти. Доведено, що втручання влади в приватне життя шляхти призвело до замкнутості та послаблення товариських взаємодій, переорієнтації з публічного та громадського життя на приватне. The thesis is devoted to the comprehensive study of the everyday life of the nobles in Kyiv province during the period of the end of the XVIII-th till 60 's of the XIX-th century. The workclarifies that after the incorporation of the Right-Bank Ukraine into the Russian Empire, the nobles as a social group has undergone a significant deepening of social heterogeneity as a result of the repressive policy of the Russian government. Unification of national standards affected all spheres of life of inhabitants of the Kyiv province. The judiciary, recordkeeping, education underwent major changes in the direction of russification, national Polish features typical for these spheres gradually ceased to exist, becoming more Russian, and, consequently, more bureaucratic, overgrown with a powerful bureaucracy. Clarifies what changed the character of social and political activity of the rightbank nobles in the nineteenth century. Independent Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist, and life of the nobles became regulated by the lawmaking of the Russian Empire. The male part of the nobles’ community of the Kyiv province was more subjected to social and political life than feminine part, but gradually the situation changed in favor of the latter. Possibilities of public-political life were limited by imperial policy. Instead, the preparation and deployment of the November and January uprisings opened up wide opportunities for clandestine social activities, involving not only men but women and young people. A special place in it belonged to the Catholic clergy, which wished to square accounts with the official authority. Having, in their majority, the nobles’ background, Catholic clergy was inextricably connected with the nobles, which made a significant impact on it and responded to insurrectional appeals, mainly by active clandestine help. It is clearly definied that socio-political changes and cultural processes during this period were caused by transformation of the traditional foundations of the noble families. Thus, as a result of these transformation processes, the power of the parent in the family undergoes gradual changes, he no longer has absolute authority, Russian legislation starts to regulate relations between spouses, and relationships between parents and children. It also contributes to the growth of women's freedom, weakening of children's dependence and lead to the loss of holiness and functions of marriage. It is concluded that the result of the Russian government's advance on nobles’ privileges got an increasingly similar likeness to the life of the small gentry with the life of Ukrainian peasantry. Preserving chic and way of routine life required a loyal attitude of representatives of noble society to government policy. It has been proven that fashion has never been a purely private sphere of the individual's life. Public tendencies and political motives have always been influenced by fashion trends. One of the main functions performed by the fashion of those times was demonstration of social status and financial well-being of the individual, and during the period of the Polish national liberation uprisings, was the very same political identifier. Leisure of nobles of Kyiv province in the ХІХ-th century was determined by many factors, the main among which are the economic situation (rich or poor), place of residence (city-village), gender, age, proximity to Kyiv as a spiritual, cultural, educational and economic center. Deepening of social diversity was the reason for differentiation between the leisure of the rich, impoverished and declassed nobles. The interference of the authorities in the private life of the nobles led toweakening of social interactions, reorientation from public life to the private. It is established that despite the progress of the ХІХ-th century in medicine, illnesses, treatment, death rate remained a matter of purely domestic, private, even intimate, and this greatly hindered the development of medicine in the territory of the Russian Empire and it was the reason for a fairly high mortality rate.